The phase noise performance  involving   two  different microwave analog frequency dividers  we  are characterized and compared  by the  values  consumed   applying   effortless  theories of noise  with  injection-locked systems.  your current   directly  measurement of one’sdivider noise  with a  low phase noise synthesizer is not accurate enough,  plus the  residua! Noise system is used.  your current  noise levels observed  utilizing   the actual  technique, between -120  AND  -15!i dBc/Hz  at   the  10 kHz offset frequency, demonstrate  that the  divider noise  can be   crammed   lower   when compared with  the phase noise  regarding   many  microwave free  operating  oscillators, even if  the  noise  is actually  still high  with  respect  for the  residual noise of amplifiers realized  with the  same active devices.  the down conversion  associated with microwave sources up  to be able to  40 GHz  is usually  proposed as  a good   application.

Heavy metal depositions are associated with a wide range of sources such as small-scale industries including (battery production, metal products, metal smelting and cable coating industries), vehicular emissions, resuspended road dust and diesel generator sets. Such problem is getting more serious all over the world especially in developing countries. Heavy metals in general are not biodegradable, have long biological half- life and have the potential for accumulation in different body organs leading to unwanted side effects.

Vegetables are vital to human diet as they contain essential components needed by the human body such as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and also trace elements. Consumption of vegetables is one of the pathways by which heavy metals enter the food chain. In order to eliminate the surface pollution from vegetable thoroughly effective washing must be done with clean water. It is clear from this study that even motor vehicle emissions can be a source of heavy metal contamination in vegetables at road side market. Vegetable farms must be irrigated with safe water, avoiding industrial effluents and sewage disposals.

In this research, effect of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) latex on water absorption and compressive strength of concrete has been studied. A locally available “RIPSTAR-148†is used as SBR Latex.

 It has been observed that SBR latex improves the internal structure of the latex modified concrete resulting in considerable reduction in the water absorption value at 28 days of age. However, at early age, the effect of SBR latex on water absorption is adverse. Same trend is noticed for the compressive strength; at 7 days of age, SBR latex has negative effect while at 28 days, the addition of SBR latex in concrete results in enhancement of compressive strength. Based on the results of this study, latex modified concrete made using “RIPSTAR-148†may be recommended to be used in RC structures in INDIA. However, for the mixes rich in cement, the dosage of “RIPSTAR-148†needs to be adjusted to maintain required workability of concrete.

Power quality disturbances is the major concern in the distribution system, that leads to tripping and malfunction of sensitive equipments in distribution system. A Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) can be used to mitigate the power quality issues by injecting/absorbing real and reactive power to the point of connection(PCC). This study presents how the DSTATCOM used to compensate the voltage sag, voltage swell, power factor problems and harmonics and thus to improve the distribution system performances by using an advanced control based on step size updating LMS algorithm. 

A 6 pulse Voltage Source Inverter based D-STATCOM with proposed control algorithms are designed and graphic based model of the same is developed using   MATLAB/Simulink simulation program. The results      obtained in different cases are analysed. Based on this analysis the capability of DSTATCOM to mitigate the power quality disturbances using SSULMS algorithm under various circumstances is validated.

Keywords: Power Quality, DSTATCOM, Distribution System, Step Size Updating LMS control. 

The greatest threat to national security is “Terrorism†infiltrating through borders. In critical border areas such as Kashmir and Bangladesh regular forces or even satellites cannot monitor these intruding terrorists as the area monitored is quite large and quite complex. This project provides an innovative and effective solution to this problem.

The project aim is to design a next generation intelligent ultra small dust like wireless sensor motes which has multiple onboard sensors, camera and a processor, which has the ability to detect an enemy intrusion across borders and battlefields. Thousands of these smart dust motes can be deployed within a large area in a few hours by one or two men. The motes can form a network on its own among them, are small in size, rapidly deployable, have wireless connection to outside world. They detect the intrusion and classify it into vehicles or individuals and groups. Onboard hardware include a variety of sensors for vibration/seismic, magnetic, acoustic, thermal signature recognition and camera, a microcontroller for processing these sensor values and a ZigBee  transceiver for communication over a wireless network. The system process the sensor readings, classify the targets and the tracking history can be viewed in the Graphics LCD display attached in the central monitoring unit. The central monitoring node acts as the parent node in a peer to peer wireless network model. The dust motes communicate with central parent node using wireless ZigBee network

Feminism is essentially linked with cultural moorings and social taboos. Every country has its own cultural heritage. As fiction is bound to the mirror of a particular country, feminism has assumed new shapes and name. When it comes to international scenario like British or American or French or Indian, Canadian Feminism has its unique way of presenting the problems of Women. It is not only subject oriented but also responsible for socio-cultural transformation. So for reckoning a social transformation and also economic transmogrification the woman force has to be fully harnessed into creative channels. The Canadian women novelists of the modern milieu have depicted feminism as a life force. They have presented a positive holistic view of the entire scenario. Instead of suppressing women’s feminine sensibility, it must be given free vent to develop into a life force. This creative life force is certainly seen in Margaret Atwood’s novels.

In this paper, we will be highlighting the use of Adhoc wireless communication system based on Radio Frequency Identification technology in car connect, that is to provide a  communication between each vehicles and road traffic units for safety purposes. The scheme proposes an efficient way for avoiding road accident that occurs in modern cities which sometime cause fatal. Many road accidents are due to high speed and intersection collision, this scheme will provide an efficient way to alert the driver regarding the lane condition, speed limit, traffic jam and many other necessary information such as forward hazard warning and emergency vehicle warning.

One of the major environmental problems today is hydrocarbon contamination resulting from the activities related to the petrochemical industry. Accidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern in the environment. Hydrocarbon components have been known to belong to the family of carcinogens and neurotoxin organic pollutants. Bioremediation is the promising technology for the treatment of these contaminated sites since it is cost-effective and will lead to complete mineralization. In this project hydrocarbon degrading bacteria isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated soil by using nutrient agar medium and mineral salt agar medium supplemented with liquid petrol and diesel which was used as the sole carbon source for bacterial growth was performed. The bacteria was identified by using Bergey’s manual of bacterial classification. The nah gene which responsible for the hydrocarbon degradation was amplified. The sequence has similarity about 90% to nahB gene.

Using  a MOD Clark model of  WMS 9.1 hydrologic modelling wizard we are able to delineate a watershed, create a grid from the delineated watershed, and compute watershed geometric and hydrologic parameters from geometric, land use, and soil data. And then after using a MODClark model in HMS 3.5 to obtain a hydrograph. And the parameters values can be easily checked and compared.

Voltage instability and voltage collapse are the foremost permanent concerns of electric utilities because of blackout event occurrences around the world. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) has been proposed as the better alternative to overcome this, as in addition to improving voltage stability they improve system performance, reliability, quality of supply and also provide environmental benefit. The type of FACTS device and their location and setting in the system have different effect on power system. For determining that optimal location and rating which maximises voltage stability, this paper employs Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimisation technique. Static Var Compensator (SVC) is the FACTS device used for improving voltage stability margin. To analyze the voltage stability of power system, Continuation Power Flow (CPF) analysis is used here. The study was conducted on IEEE 14 bus, modified IEEE 30 bus and 26 bus KSEB system and the optimal location and rating were identified.

Keywords: Continuation power flow, FACTS, genetic algorithm, static var compensator. 

This paper aims to develop and to design a smart home system by using a Hybrid approach. This approach uses a combination of both Bluetooth and GSM, Sending by short message service (SMS) via global system for mobile communication (GSM modem) to access the devices. The concept of smart home is an emerging issue to the modern technology dependent society. Remote control technologies are widely used to control household electronic appliances without walking up to them. Controlling household appliances through computer can also be a possible solution. However, it cannot fulfil the current demand which is to control them from remote places. The system is activated when user sends the SMS to controller at home. Upon receiving the SMS command, the microcontroller unit then automatically controls the electrical home appliances by switching ON or OFF the device according to the user order. In other word, it read message from the mobile phone and response to control the devices according to the received message. The prototype has been successfully developed and it could provide an effective mechanism in controlling and accessing the devices.

The lightweight Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flight operations are limited, especially in the UAV range or action radius and endurance, by the mission essential communication link capabilities. Presented paper addresses Design of a wireless communication system among small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UAVs (Mini or Micro). The existing wireless communication system is designed to allow a UAV to securely send video footage and other information to its ground-based operator at the highest possible speed, even when it is out of direct range. As there are several functional subsystems in UAV, it is important to delimit the scope of the work. To create communication from UAV to UAV, and transmit data from one to another, a communication protocol and device are needed.

Ni(II) complexes of ligands pyridine-3-formamide thiosemicarbazone (L₁), pyridine-3-formamide semicarbazone(L₂), pyridine-2-formamide  thiosemicarbazone (L₃) and pyridine-2 -formamide semicarbazone (L₄) have been synthesised. The ligands were characterised on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, ¹HNMR studies while that of the complexes were characterised by elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic moment, IR, electronic. On the basis of elemental analyses and molar conductance data the complexes were found to have general composition [Ni(L)₂X₂] (where L=L₁, L₂, L₃ and L₄ , X = Cl^–,NO₃^–]. On the basis of IR, electronic spectra of complexes, octahedral geometries were found with planar coordination of the ligand around Ni²⁺ ion. Molecular modeling confirmed octahedral geometry.

An increased penetration of wind turbine generating systems into power grid calls for proper modeling of the systems and incorporating the model into various computational tools used in power system operation and planning studies. This paper proposes a simple method of incorporating the exact equivalent circuit of a fixed speed wind generator into conventional power flow program. The method simply adds two internal buses of the generator to include all parameters of the equivalent circuit. For a given wind speed, the active power injection into one of the internal buses is determined through wind turbine power curve supplied by the manufacturers. The internal buses of the model can be treated as a traditional P–Q bus and thus can easily be incorporated into any standard power flow program by simply augmenting the input data files and without modifying source codes of the program. Available Transfer Capacity (ATC) of the power system also observed without and with fixed speed wind generator. The effectiveness of the proposed method is well discussed with various cases on the IEEE 30-bussystem.

The transformation of hides into leather is usually done by using tanning agents and a highly turbid, colored and foul smelling wastewater is generated in the process. The major components of the effluent include sulphide, chromium, volatile organic compounds, large quantities of solid waste, suspended solids like animal hair and trimmings. The various components present in the effluent affect human beings, agriculture and livestock besides causing severe ailments to the tannery workers. The environmental protection regulations stipulate that industries be not allowed to emit sulphide and chromium in the wastewater. Thus, removal of sulphide and chromium from the wastewater is very important. A number of researchers worked on the removal of sulphide and chromium from the wastewater streams, but little has been reported on the sulphide, chrome and other toxic components removal from the tannery wastewater. In this review, characteristics of tannery wastewater and methods tannery wastewater treatment have been discussed.

The electronic gadgets are very popular among the people and the people are very interested used of the electronic gadgets. So, here based on the craze among the people the survey based study is performed and collected data for the impact of the electronic gadgets. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of electronic gadgets. The survey results in how people are connected to electronic gadgets. This survey has also shown that nowadays people are in-directly connected to others by the means of electronic gadgets and less connected directly or face to face communication. The study also shows that the marks are adversely affected due to over use of electronic gadgets. Mostly in youth the craze of electronic gadgets was found, more than 50% use mobile/tablets.

It is observed that the structure in high seismic areas may be susceptible to the sever damage. Safety and minimum damage level of a structure could be the prime requirement of tall buildings. To get these requirement the structure should have adequate lateral strength, lateral stiffness, and sufficient ductility. Now a day shear wall and diagonal bracing are most popular system to resist lateral loads due to earthquake, wind etc. Shear wall has high in plane stiffness and strength which can be used to simultaneously resist large horizontal loads and support gravity loads but the diagonal bracing will be the viable solution for enhancing earthquake resistance. In this study R.C.C  Building  (G+10)  is modelled and analyzed in seven parts i) Model without Shear wall and Bracing (Bare frame). ii) Model with Shear wall providing at corner side. iii) Model with Shear wall providing at perimeter side. iv) Model with Shear wall providing at centre side. v) Model with diagonal bracing at corner side. vi) Model with diagonal  bracing at perimeter side. vii) Model with diagonal  bracing at centre area. The computer aided analysis is done by using E-TAB to find out effective lateral load system during earthquake in high seismic areas.

This paper an improved efficiency of single phase transformer less PV inverter topology by neutral point clamping system proposes how to improve the efficiency of single phase PV inverter topology without using of transformer. If we use a photovoltaic inverter connected to direct loads through transformer the efficiency is largely decreased due to the power losses and the line transformer is large, heavy and expensive. There is a strong trend in the photovoltaic inverter technology to use transformer less topologies in order to acquire higher efficiencies combining with very low ground leakage current. In this paper, a new topology, based on the H-bridge designed with IGBTs midpoint grounding by sequence diode switching is proposed (NPC). In this topology without use ac bypass circuit consisting of a diode rectifier and a switch with clamping to the dc midpoint we can achieve the improvement in efficiency while conversion and low leakage current. The topology is simulated and experimentally validated, and a comparison with other existing topologies is performed. High conversion efficiency and low leakage current are verified. The proposed topology is verified using MATLAB and the all results are validated.

This paper presents a new solution for doubly fed induction generators to stay connected to the grid at the time of faults and sags. To create the required flux to keep the rotor side converter current below its transient rating the stator voltage is increased to certain level at the time of faults. In order to maintain that one we are injecting the required voltage in series to the stator side line by designing a series compensator. The series converter will examine the grid voltages and provides compensation accordingly to keep DFIG to continue its operation. . Since the turbine and converter stay connected, the synchronization of operation remains established during and after the fault and normal operation can be resumed immediately after the fault is cleared. . To keep the current at its minimum, a control strategy has been developed to keep the injected voltage and line voltage in phase during and after the fault. The energy efficiency of wind turbine systems equipped with doubly-fed induction generators are compared to other wind turbine generator systems.

Visual attention is studied by detecting a salient object in an input image. Visual attention is used in various image processing applications such as image segmentation, patch rarities, pattern recognition etc. In this paper, the saliency measurement is performed by using wavelet transform.  In the proposed model we introduce a saliency measurement model based on two color spaces. One is the RGB and second is Lab. Both colour spaces gives six different channels and those channels generates different feature maps using wavelet transform. Next, the measures of saliency (local and global) are calculated and fused to indicate saliency of each patch. Local saliency is distinctiveness of a patch from its surrounding patches. Global saliency is the inverse of a patch’s probability of happening over the entire image. The final saliency map is built by normalizing and fusing local and global saliency maps of all channels from both color systems. Experimental evaluation gives the better results from the proposed model.

The objective of this paper is to establish the q-recurrence relations, q-difference equations for basic analogue of Fox's H-function and then obtain the canonical equation associated with each family of multivariable q-analogue of Fox's H-function and generating functions of families of basic analogue of  Fox's H-function. A significantly large number of works on the subject of H- function gives interesting account of the theory and its applications in many different areas of mathematical analysis. A lot of research work has been recently come up on the study and development of a function that is more general. 

Data mining is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information. Data mining techniques are used for variety of applications. Data mining techniques have been very effective in designing clinical support systems because of their ability to discover hidden patterns and relationships in clinical data. One of the most important applications of such systems is in diagnosis of heart disease. The main objective of Enhanced Heart Disease Analysis and Prediction System (EHDAPS) is predicting the heart disease using historical heart database. To develop this system, medical terms such as sex, blood pressure, and cholesterol like seventeen input attributes are used. In this paper association among various attributes which are the causative factors of heart diseases are analyzed. The patient’s records are observed before prediction and the factors are grouped as per its severity level.  In this system the level of causative factors are categorized using K-Means clustering technique and it distinguishes the risky and non risky factors.  Frequent risk factors are mined from the clinical heart database using Apriori algorithm. The risk factors are taken for this study to predict the risk level and find the co-ordination among the factors that helps the medical people to predict the disease with minimum tests and treatments.

The main aim of this paper is to access the various chemicals and substances present  in drinking water of Alwar rural area. In Alwar district the amount of different chemicals and chlorine, nitrate ions fluorine ions  is more than a desirable limit according to WHO.