Integrated regulators are used for power management in modern portable devices. There are many primary regulators and post regulators which converts high dc voltages, but they are unable to work on low voltage with low quiescent current. A low-voltage low-dropout regulator with current splitting technique is proposed which converts a low-voltage of 1V to an output of 0.6 V with 90 nm CMOS technology. A power noise cancellation mechanism is formed at rail-to-rail output stage of error amplifier (EA) which minimizes the size of power MOS transistor. A transient accelerator (TA) is formed to reuse the part of EA which achieves high current efficiency.

There are more advanced quality and productivity requirements on rubber products. Transfer moulding remains the most popular method for producing the associated rubber parts. The main phases in a transfer moulding process involve filling, cooling and ejection. The properly determined gate location leads to better resin flow and shorter delay time, for that multi gating system is induced to bring down the defects in the component. The design of ejection system is one of the major considerations and adopting the air blow ejection by manual pneumatic switch (MPS) to achieve proper ejection of the component from the transfer mould. The material for rubber bumper spring is NR/BR (Natural/Polybutadiene) Rubber blend. Designing of mould is carried out by using computer aided designing software solid works 13.

Water is the base of human life. Day by day water resources are decreasing and its uses are increasing. Rain is the main source of water and plays key role in agriculture. This paper concentrates on the scenario of rain in India and emphasizes the need of cloud seeding in India. As per the report of World Bank, India is going to be the water stressed country by 2025. Annual average precipitation of India is 1 170 mm and around 80 percent of the total area of the country experiences annual rainfall of 750 mm. Due to the large spatial and variability in the rainfall, water resources distribution in the country is highly skewed in time and space and water deficit country by 2050 and its 16 percent of total area is drought prone and farmers are committing suicide so there is a great need of proper water management. Through cloud seeding India can tackle this situation. Cloud Seeding is a technique to create condensation by increasing precipitation in air. In India there is huge need of this type of technology which can increase humidity in drought prone area, like Vidarbha region that is the worst region for agriculture. More than 20,000 farmers committed suicide in this region. Cloud seeding is the only hope of the people who are living in drought prone areas.

Arsenic occurs in both organic and inorganic forms in snatural waters but organic arsenic is of little importance as it goes through biotransformation and detoxifies through methylation. Inorganic arsenic occurs in -3, 0, +3, and +5 oxidation states in aquatic systems. Inorganic species of arsenic [As(III) and As(V)] represent a potential threat to the environment, human health, and animal health due to their carcinogenic and other effects.

The fly ash carbons occur in the residual coal ash as a result of the incomplete combustion process. Due to the increasing applications of activated carbons, fly ash carbon may take a special place amongst the carbon materials that are produced  as a  major co-product  in the pyrolysis of different starting materials for the production of liquids and gases.

Fly ash collected from Kota thermal power plant(Rajasthan) was found to be  class F fly ash as amount of SiO₂> 60%.

Batch methods were used in this study to investigate arsenic adsorption using a clean, washed ash. ashStock solutions of  As(V) were prepared by dissolving sodium salt heptahydrate of arsenic (Na2HAsO4⋅7H2O) . Experimental results indicated that pH had a significant effect on arsenic adsorption. Experimental equilibrium data of arsenic adsorption onto fly ash agglomerates can be fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm, while kinetics follows a pseudo second order model.

Hidden Markov models and also their own utility in informatics usually are examined. These statistical models are considered as general function string modeling resources that are capable of understanding patterns and also stochastic policies in prediction sequences. The focus with this examines will likely be on general policies with regards to hidden Markov model request. Hidden Markov models tend to be extensions connected with Markov models where by each and every paying attention is actually caused by some sort of stochastic method within on the list of unobserved states. However, popular with a lot of scientists to its one of a kind and also relevant mathematical structure, their independence presumption relating to the consecutive findings hampered even more application. Autoregressive hidden Markov model is actually combining auto-regressive occasion string and also hidden Markov chains. Observations tend to be produced with a number of auto-regressive occasion strings even though the switches involving each and every autoregressive occasion string tend to be manipulated with a hidden Markov chain. With this thesis, we all found the essential aspects, principle and also connected methods and also algorithms intended for hidden Markov models, occasion string and also autoregressive hidden Markov models.

Fuzzy logic enables designers to control complex systems more effectively than traditional approaches. As it provides a simple way to arrive at definite conclusion upon ambiguous,  imprecise or noisy information. In this paper we have proposed the design of fuzzy logic controller having three inputs to give correct spin period of washing machine. The objective is to save lot of time, electricity and water for washing the cloth. The paper describes the procedure that can be used to get a suitable spin period for different cloths. The proposed FLC is simulated using Fuzzy Logic Toolbox of MATLAB. The result is used to calculate the spin period for different type of input conditions The process is based entirely on the principle of taking non-precise inputs from the sensors subjecting them to fuzzy arithmetic and obtaining a crisp value of spin period.

The main objective of this study was to spatially evaluate land suitability for surface irrigation in the Almanaqil Ridge, Gezira State, Sudan, on an area about 220.000 acers. The evaluation was based on FAO (1985) guidelines and the method proposed by Sys et al., 1991 (PART I, II, and III). Hundred check (auger) sites and 16 profiles were studied. The area was divided into 3 mapping units. The units are classified according to the American System (Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 2010) in the fallowing families: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, TypicHaplustepts (unit1), Fine, mont, superactive, Isohyperthermic, VerticHaplocambids (unit2) and Fine, mont, superactive, isohyperthermic, TypicHaploustert (unit3). The 30 m spatial resolution Digital Elevation Model was used to generate slope by using Spatial Analyst Tool Surface Slope in ArcGIS 9.3 environment. Land characteristics used as criteria were slope class, texture, soil depth, calcium carbonate status, salinity & sodicity and drainage. The irrigation suitability map was compiled by matching between reclassified Land characteristics with irrigation land use requirements (LURs) using GIS tools. The results showed that units 2 and 3 are slightly suitable. This could be due to limitation of the clay texture (vertisolic) and drainage (low infiltration rate) while mapping unit 1 was suitable. The result can assist decision makers in ensuring that lands are used according to their suitability.

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) has been more and more important in the last decade. Visual information systems are radically different from conventional information systems. Many novel issues need to be addressed. A visual information system should be capable of providing access to the content of image. Where symbolic and numerical information are identical in content and form, images require a delicate treatment to approach their content. To search and retrieve items on the basis of their content requires a new visual way of specifying the query, new indices to order the data and new ways to establish similarity between the query and the target. In this paper, we discuss some of the key contributions in the current decade related to image retrieval and automated image annotation. We also discuss some of the key challenges involved in the benchmark datasets and adaptation of existing image retrieval techniques to build useful systems.

Feature selection is used to reduce the number of features in many applications where hundreds or thousands of features are present in data.  Many feature selection methods are proposed which mainly focus on ï¬nding relevant features. High dimensional data becomes very common with the emerging growth of   applications. Thus, there is a need of mining High dimensional data very effectively and efficiently. Clustering is widely used data mining model that partitions data into a set of groups, each of which is called a cluster. To reduce the dimensionality of the data and  to select a subset of useful features from this clusters is the main goal of feature subset selection.  In dealing with high-dimensional data for efficient data mining, feature selection has been shown very effective. Popular social media data nowadays increasingly presents new challenges to feature selection. Social media data consists of data such as posts, comments, images, tweets, and linked data which describes the relationships between users of social media and  the users who post the posts. The nature of social media increases the already challenging problem of feature selection because the social media data is massive, noisy, and incomplete. There are several algorithms applied to find the efficiency and effectiveness of the features. Here we are using the combination of FAST and Linked Unsupervised feature selection algorithm for the linked high dimensional data.

In recent years researchers and experts have traditionally focused on how to enhance the look and functionality of how life issues are been tackled with respect to Africa cultural tradition for academic purposes and the development of cultural traditional system. Also, the discrimination between English and Yoruba language in the south west states has now become a norm, that modern civilization culture is preferred more than Yoruba cultural heritage and language. These anomalies have caused the disintegration of the native cultural norms thereby putting the language on the verge of extinction in the nearest future which will eventually lead to another psychological and indirect slave trade. The aim of this research is to design and develop a knowledge base cultural traditional system user friendly interface information system for learning of the cultural tradition with the purpose of having a better understanding of the antiquities of the Yoruba cultural norms which will provide antidotes for the revival and restoration of the cultural norms. The iterative model approach was used to iterate the steps of the research progresses of the requirements and iterates the requirements, design, build and test phases again and again for each requirement until the system is completely built. The research coding was done using Microsoft visual studio c# environment, and for the database, MySQL used. The software requirements was windows operating system version HP 8.1, Windows-Apache_MySQL-PHP(WAMP) which contains PhpMyAdmin which has the facilities that provides the graphical user interface for the MySQL database manager while Microsoft Visual C# was use for the user interface. The study has been designed to give further knowledge. And this will raise the standard of our knowledge of the heritage and the overall system works perfectly well under the set conditions and availability of the specified hardware and software requirements. Hence, the resulting model from this paper would help to sustain the YCT in Nigeria and Diasporas.

Introduction: High mortality in young married women from burns is an alarming problem in our country. Materials and Methods: All medico-legal autopsies of burn cases of married women which were performed between January 2014 and June 2015 were analyzed with respect to age, religion, community and region distribution, years of marriage, educational status, inflammable substance used, body surface area which was involved, the cause of death and manner of death.

Results: The maximum number of the victims (37.96%) belonged to the age group of 21 to 30 years. Majority of the victims were Hindus (70.37%).Most of them were non-tribal women (81.94%). 73.14% hailed from rural areas. Most of the victims (57.40%) were within 7 years of marriage. A majority of the victims were illiterate (45.37%). Kerosene oil was used in majority of cases (99.53%). Most of the incident took place in kitchen (83.33%). In 75.46 % cases, more than 80% of the body surface area was involved.  Shock was the cause of majority of deaths (65.74%), followed by Septicaemia (28.7%). The manner of death in 81.94% cases was suicidal followed by accidental (16.2%) and homicidal (1.85%).

Discussion: Present study is in accordance with other studies where age group of 21-30 years are mostly affected. Hindus are the majority and kerosene oil burns are common. 

Conclusion: Education regarding fire safety and awareness discouraging dowry demands should be instilled amongst the common mass. Dedicated burn units should be made functioning with detection and treatment of infections to reduce mortality.

One of the challenge-facing Kenya is high levels of poverty. Different ways of poverty alleviation are applied among them is stock friends strategy. The strategy is ineffective among the Ngomeni community of Mwingi District. It is postulated that there is poor understanding of the right types and numbers of livestock for the exchange; and the rate of adoption of the strategy. A socio-ecological survey of 233 households sampled and complemented by Key Informant interviews was conducted. Descriptive and regression analyses using SPSS were used to determine the associations and influences of the factors (independent variable) on poverty levels of the community (dependent variable). The degree of community knowledge of type and numbers of stock used in the stock exchange (β value of -0.449 that explained 25.5% variation) and adoption of the stock exchange strategy were found to be key and could be addressed using stock friend’s concept.

Water Pollution is the presence of harmful and objectionable material in water to make it unfit for use. In recent time, quantity of fresh water is reducing day by day and there has been increasing awareness and concern about water pollution all over the world and new approaches towards achieving sustainable water resources have been developed globally. In general, problems affecting water quality and aquatic ecosystems are untreated domestic sewage, uncontrolled industrial discharges, deforestation and poor agricultural practices that result in soil erosion and leaching of excess nutrients and pesticides, ultimately polluting the water sources that we drink from. Similar is the case in the Sagar Lake, here the waste-water from all around is polluting the water day by day. In the past, it was fresh water natural lake but now it has been polluted. In order to understand the current status of pollution, author(s) have attempted to compare the result of chemical analysis spreads of pollutants in lake water observed on satellite images and finally identified four major spots. Further, spots on the basis of these studies planning can be made to abate this serious problem.

The inhibition efficiency of methanol extract of p. bglobosa pulp on the corrosion of carbon steel in 2M HCl was investigated by weight loss measurement. The corrosion rate of carbon steel and the inhibition efficiency of the extract were calculated. The result obtained shows that, the extract could serve as an effective inhibitor. Inhibition was found to increase with increase in concentration of the plant extract.

 

The performance of any biometric system depends on the reliable and robust feature extraction.  Biometric recognition refers to the use of distinctive anatomical (e.g., fingerprints, face, iris, palm) and behavioral (e.g., speech) characteristics for automatically recognizing individuals. Iris recognition was found to be most accurate bio-metrics technology. Apart from the red, green, and blue (RGB) format, we analyze significance of using HSV, Otsu’s multi thresholding is applied on V channel, K-means clustering is applied to merge over segmented region to get sclera mask. Pyramidal directional filtering approach (Contourlets) for feature extraction for ocular biometrics are proposed. In this paper, we pursue a “true†two-dimensional transform that can capture the intrinsic geometrical structure that is key in visual information. Our approach starts with a discrete domain construction. For Classification, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is used.

Seemingly trivial circumstances sometimes give birth to great ideas. In most sciences, one generation tears down what another has built and what one has established another undoes. In Mathematics alone, each generation builds a new story to the old structure.

The terms of probability and experiment convey a broad sense of referring to any observable phenomenon such as relationships like the origin of the Universe  with  Sound, Light , Heat,  of the solar system with the human’s spoken and written languages, of  the betweenness system of alphabets - numbers - punctuation ( ANP) and of the last but not the least important confusion of the Scientists & Mathematicians that Science without Religion is lame as well as the Religion without Science is blind on the strengths of their own reasons and logics  at a time  in the 21^st Century  of ours when we all designate ourselves as modern rational men & women of modern Science in order not to accept  any  religious scripture which says in the best possible non-mathematical and  social  manner that the Earth is beautiful, the World is flat  and the Universe came from her own Golden Egg !

This Research Paper focuses on the intrigue mechanisms, i.e., the ANP with their long running and high jumping self-reliant cosmical transformations with scientific relevance to  turn things and affairs  into  simple and steady results assuring the hopes of earthlings in the midst of wave compressions and rarefactions, electromagnetic waves and molecular kinetic energy connecting with research and development  as opposed to the ancient scriptures of all sorts.  

Traditional wired system has limited performance and complex system with low sample rate for multiple applications. For particular application it needs to design particular hardware and software. With wireless system low-power modules that offer limited computational performance and communication bandwidth .In this paper, A hardware platform which combines microcontroller and FPGA is presented. This platform has features that allow easy reuse of the hardware in several applications avoiding redesigning the system. The flexibility provided through dynamically configurable interfaces and power management, helps optimizing performance and power consumption for different applications.

There has been an increase in the number of services available in the internet .Datasets are growing at a fast pace as it is being gathered and generated by a number of devices like smartphones, tablets and various information sensing devices. Traditional data processing methods are ineffective in handling such a huge amount of data related to services within limited time constraints. Most of the present day recommendation systems use structured data. In order to handle the large amount of data relevant to the services and assist a user in selecting a service which is most relevant a collaborative filtering based recommender system is proposed which uses unstructured data. There are three stages in this method. In the first stage porters stemming algorithm is applied ,then clustering is applied on the data, in order to reduce the number of services, in the last stage a filtering approach is used in order to recommend relevant services to the user. As stemming and clustering are applied before filtering recommendations are done at a faster pace.

The purpose of this paper  is to define (IFS) ̃(intuitionistic fuzzy soft) sequential compact space and to investigate some important theorems on it. In this view we define (IFS) ̃soft point, (IFS) ̃  net, (IFS) ̃totally bounded space and investigate their properties.In continuation we define Lebesque (IFS) ̃number,  uniformly continuous (IFS) ̃mapping and study few theorems

The survey has made an attempt to find the impact of effluent in the environment. It is observed that the evaporation on black body flat plate more effectively during summer with very high evaporation rate and moderate evaporation in other seasons. And also found that during the normal operation, the color of the effluent varies and becomes clear after treatment with alum, which favors the penetration of solar thermal energy easily. Hence the efficiency of the black body flat plate solar evaporation increases than the normal cement slab tank and natural ponds. Because of the pollution created by the effluents from the industries, it is essential to treat the effluent by proper treatment process. This work recommends to all industries to use black coated sheet for constructing the solar evaporation system in order to recover the salts which causes pollution in water resources. The continuous use of the flat plate solar evaporation system can certainly reduce the volume of effluent discharged from the processing industries. The advantage of utilizing the black body flat plate for evaporation is very faster and it can absorb very high degree of solar radiation which is converted into thermal energy and it is directly converted into heat energy. Heat energy is utilized for the evaporation of effluent. It is observed that the flat plate solar evaporation system made of black body works more effectively during summer with very high evaporation rate and moderately in other seasons. It is observed that the effluent treatment by black coated flat plate solar evaporation system will be eco friendly, economical, simple and easy for adoption in process industry. The effluent from industries can cause harmful effects to the environment. Thermal energy is directly used for the evaporation of the high volume of effluent which causes pollution of ground water and surface water. The solar evaporation tank is blessed with the principle of black body surface which can absorb more solar radiation and more effective than ordinary cement slab tank and natural ponds. Hence the use of black body flat plates can prevent the water pollution to the maximum level than the cement tanks and natural ponds.

This paper proposes the biometric verification system based on ocular features. We form the multimodal biometric system considering two recent biometric traits in ocular region- sclera region and periocular region. For feature extraction of sclera part we use simple technique which eliminates the expensive image enhancement process i.e Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and the matching scores are generated. For feature extraction of periocular region we use structured random projections and matching score are generated. From these matching scores the score level fusion is done with Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). This method has shown 94.40% of accuracy.

In this paper, we introduce and study two new of functions called b-δ- continuous function by using the notions of b-δ-open sets and b-δ-closed sets.  

Enhanced expression of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and deposition is the main causative factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Factors that lead to the genesis of accumulation and toxicity of Aβs are yet to be identified. While studying the effect of systemic amyloid on the functions of the mice brain, it was accidentally found that the mice brains contain accumulated Aβs, which are extractable with hexafluroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent. By purifying with semi preparative HPLC on HFIP extracts, two major fractions containing mixture of Aβs with variable composition were observed. We have characterized these mixtures by electron microscopic and spectroscopic methods. Our results indicate that, the accumulated Aβ fibrils have similar morphological and conformational characteristics as that of Aβs of AD brains.

Safety critical system always provides the automatic system machine where automation testing become an important part for safety. Automation testing is one way to change the way to operate Safety critical system. This is achieved by changing the nature of the tasks that the operators perform. Safety standard assures the little about design and verification of operating procedures. Safety in coma system is maintained by using model checker and mutation testing model. The model checker is used for validating informal hazard analysis result. The coma monitoring system verifies the erroneous human behavior in coma patient system using model checker in which mutation testing method analyze the human behavior interface with the system and generate the invalid actions. The state diagram of coma patient recognition system use for identify whether the system is in safe state or in unsafe state. Testing is important in order to achieve sufficiently high software quality. Test-suite derived from the specification can only be as good as the specification itself.

This paper presents the implementation of a Hebbian learning rule and genetic algorithm to store and later, recall of superimposed images of numerals in Hopfield network associative memory. A set of ten objects (i.e. 0 to 9 numerals) has been considered as the pattern set. In the Hopfield network associative memory, the weighted code of input patterns provides an auto-associative function in the network. The storing of images is done by hebbian learning rule and recalling is done by using both hebbian rule and genetic algorithm. The simulated results shows that the genetic algorithm gives efficient results as compared to hebbian rule for superimposed images of numerals. 

The VSC based HVDC transmission system offers the operational flexibility in terms of active and reactive power control, in addition to improved AC fault ride-through capability. The proposed converter offers a unique feature of DC fault blocking capability (ability to block power exchange between the AC and DC sides during the dc faults, hence no current flows in converter switches). This feature may eliminate the need for a DC-side circuit breaker in applications such as DC power transmission systems. This converter also offers the features available from the modular multilevel converter, such as AC fault ride-through capability, low conversion losses, low harmonic filtering requirement, and extension to a high number of levels without compromising capacitor voltage balancing.

To illustrate the feasibility of the proposed HVDC system, this project assesses its dynamic performance during steady-state and network alterations, including its response to AC and DC side faults. Long extra high voltage (EHV) AC lines cannot be loaded to their thermal limits in order to keep sufficient margin against transient instability. No alterations of conductors, insulator strings, and towers of the original line are needed.

Many researches in wireless sensor network aims to minimize energy consumption, as energy is the primary life factor of a node. In this paper, hierarchical protocol, i.e. clustering concept is used to minimize energy consumption. The proposed protocol is a mobile data collector based architecture which is an improvement of LEACH-C (Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy-centralized) protocol. In this variable round time method is used instead of constant round time method, which provides multi-hop communication between node and base station. Mobile data collector architecture typically can be used for large geographical regions. The proposed protocol is simulated by using NS2 simulator. This shows the improvement of energy utilization and throughput compared with existing protocols like LEACH-C and LEACH-M.

This paper presents a micro controller based control of multilevel inverter for three phase Induction motor. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques; introduced three decades ago, are the most used methods to control the voltage and frequency supplied to electrical AC machines. Multilevel inverter has gained attention in recent years due to its high power capability associated with lower output harmonics. Several multilevel topologies have been reported in the literature and this paper focuses on Diode Clamped multilevel inverter built to implement the proposed conduction table with seven voltage levels. Gating signals an regenerated using P IC microcontroller. The performance of the inverter has been analyzed and compared with the result obtained from theory. A scheme based on 7-level PWM inverter, which control a high performance 8-bit standard microcontroller with gate driver circuit and additional hardware is used, which allows a flexible and economical solution. The output voltage can be varied in a large range and with a good resolution. Experimental data obtained from an induction motor drive will be presented and to check staircase sinusoidal waveform of line voltage on CRO.

In this paper by using a back propagation (BP) control algorithm we will implement a three phase distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) for its functions such as load balancing, harmonic elimination, and reactive power compensation or power factor correction, and zero voltage regulation under nonlinear loads. A BP-based control algorithm is used for the estimation of reference source currents by extraction of the fundamental weighted value of active and reactive power components of load currents. Using a digital signal processor we will develop a prototype for DSTATCOM, and its performance is analyzed under various operating conditions. The performance of DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory with the proposed control algorithm for various types of loads.

Development of mobile communication, applications represents a challenge for both conceptually and technically so the basic requirements of LBS (location-based services) are numerous. Complex task is to provide user with added value to location information. Previously using Trajectory privacy-preserving framework user’s location is preserved using various techniques, but the locations of users trajectories may not sensitive all the time. Even mix-zones are regions where users movement cannot be track by any applications. In this paper mobile users will reveal their location to database services in a periodic or on-demand manner. K-anonymity preserving management of location information by developing efficient and scalable system-level facilities for protecting the location privacy through ensuring location k-anonymity. In the context of LBSs and mobile clients, location k-anonymity refers to the k-anonymity usage of location information. A subject is considered location k-anonymous if and only if the location information sent from a mobile client to an LBS is indistinguishable from the location information of at least k -1 other mobile clients. New spatial cloaking techniques based on real or historical user trajectory is designed to protect user location trajectories and also satisfy the users’ specified k-anonymity level.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an infrastructure comprising of thousands of wireless sensor nodes that are spread over a geographical area so as to instrument, observe and react to events in that particular environment. Sensor networks are the key for smart environments, analyzing events in buildings, utilities, industrial, home, shipboard, transportation systems automation or elsewhere. The reliability of WSN is affected by faults that may occur due to various reasons such as malfunctioning hardware, software glitches, dislocation, or environmental hazards. In WSN, localization of sensors is the key issue, as collected data from sensors is useful only if the position of a sensor is known. Location information will also help in avoiding faults in the network and improving performance of tasks such as routing, energy conservation, and data aggregation. Knowing the precise location of a sensor is very important. Localization algorithms require techniques for location estimating depending on the beacon nodes location. These are called multi-lateration(ML) techniques. The work makes use of proximity technique and fault information signal to get localization details.       

Software-as-a-service (SaaS) cloud systems make application service providers to deliver their applications via massive cloud computing infrastructures. However, due to their sharing nature, SaaS clouds are vulnerable to malicious attacks. In this paper, we present IntTest, a scalable and effective service integrity attestation framework for SaaS clouds. IntTest provides a novel integrated attestation graph analysis scheme that can provide stronger attacker pinpointing power than previous schemes. Moreover, IntTest can automatically enhance result quality by replacing bad results produced by malicious attackers with good results produced by benign service providers. Our experimental results show that IntTest can achieve higher attacker pinpointing accuracy than existing approaches. IntTest does not require any special hardware or secure kernel support and imposes little performance impact to the application, which makes it practical for large-scale cloud systems.

Energy is the keystone of human life and prosperity as well as a vital component of environmental rehabilitation. The growth of human population and the development of civilization can be partially attributed to energy and its uses.

Energy is an essential input for agriculture, transportation, communication, and all other economic activities. Ever since, the beginning of civilization, man has been using energy in one form or the other. The most useful forms of energy are heat, light, and sound. In short, modern society is totally energy based. Any shortage or imbalance will lead to adverse economic consequences. The realization is that energy is the ultimate resource and is a key factor for economic growth and development. The awareness of growing problem associated with its supply, has raised its importance in national planning. It is reported that energy has become a major constrain to development especially for those countries like India which are deficient in fossil fuels and the balance of payment situation continues to be difficult.